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GSM primer includes:
GSM introductionNetwork architectureNetwork interfacesRF interface / slot & burstGSM framesPower classes & controlChannelsAudio codecs / vocodersHandover
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The data frames and slots within 2G GSM are organised in a logical manner so that the system understands when particular types of data are to be transmitted.
Having the GSM frame structure enables the data to be organised in a logical fashion so that the system is able to handle the data correctly. This includes not only the voice data, but also the important signalling information as well.
The GSM frame structure provides the basis for the various physical channels used within GSM, and accordingly it is at the heart of the overall system.
GSM frame structure - the basics
The basic element in the GSM frame structure is the frame itself. This comprises the eight slots, each used for different users within the TDMA system. As mentioned in another page of the tutorial, the slots for transmission and reception for a given mobile are offset in time so that the mobile does not transmit and receive at the same time.
The basic GSM frame defines the structure upon which all the timing and structure of the GSM messaging and signalling is based. The fundamental unit of time is called a burst period and it lasts for approximately 0.577 ms (15/26 ms). Eight of these burst periods are grouped into what is known as a TDMA frame. This lasts for approximately 4.615 ms (i.e.120/26 ms) and it forms the basic unit for the definition of logical channels. One physical channel is one burst period allocated in each TDMA frame.
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In simplified terms the base station transmits two types of channel, namely traffic and control. Accordingly the channel structure is organised into two different types of frame, one for the traffic on the main traffic carrier frequency, and the other for the control on the beacon frequency.
GSM multiframe
The GSM frames are grouped together to form multiframes and in this way it is possible to establish a time schedule for their operation and the network can be synchronised.
There are several GSM multiframe structures:
- Traffic multiframe: The Traffic Channel frames are organised into multiframes consisting of 26 bursts and taking 120 ms. In a traffic multiframe, 24 bursts are used for traffic. These are numbered 0 to 11 and 13 to 24. One of the remaining bursts is then used to accommodate the SACCH, the remaining frame remaining free. The actual position used alternates between position 12 and 25.
- Control multiframe: the Control Channel multiframe that comprises 51 bursts and occupies 235.4 ms. This always occurs on the beacon frequency in time slot zero and it may also occur within slots 2, 4 and 6 of the beacon frequency as well. This multiframe is subdivided into logical channels which are time-scheduled. These logical channels and functions include the following:
- Frequency correction burst
- Synchronisation burst
- Broadcast channel (BCH)
- Paging and Access Grant Channel (PACCH)
- Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
GSM Superframe
Multiframes are then constructed into superframes taking 6.12 seconds. These consist of 51 traffic multiframes or 26 control multiframes. As the traffic multiframes are 26 bursts long and the control multiframes are 51 bursts long, the different number of traffic and control multiframes within the superframe, brings them back into line again taking exactly the same interval.
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GSM Hyperframe
Above this 2048 superframes (i.e. 2 to the power 11) are grouped to form one hyperframe which repeats every 3 hours 28 minutes 53.76 seconds. It is the largest time interval within the GSM frame structure.
Within the GSM hyperframe there is a counter and every time slot has a unique sequential number comprising the frame number and time slot number. This is used to maintain synchronisation of the different scheduled operations with the GSM frame structure. These include functions such as:
- Frequency hopping: Frequency hopping is a feature that is optional within the GSM system. It can help reduce interference and fading issues, but for it to work, the transmitter and receiver must be synchronised so they hop to the same frequencies at the same time.
- Encryption: The encryption process is synchronised over the GSM hyperframe period where a counter is used and the encryption process will repeat with each hyperframe. However, it is unlikely that the cellphone conversation will be over 3 hours and accordingly it is unlikely that security will be compromised as a result.
The slots and frames are handled in a very logical manner to enable the system to expect and accept the data that needs to be sent. Organising it in this logical fashion enables it to be handled in the most efficient manner.
Wireless & Wired Connectivity Topics:
Mobile Communications basics2G GSM3G UMTS4G LTE5GWiFiIEEE 802.15.4DECT cordless phonesNFC- Near Field CommunicationNetworking fundamentalsWhat is the CloudEthernetSerial dataUSBSigFoxLoRaVoIPSDNNFVSD-WAN
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You’ve got a swanky new phone, you want to put your old SIM card in and you’ve realised it doesn’t fit…. Alternatively you’re pretty new to smartphones and don’t have a clue what the SIM card is or where it even goes. This predicament isn’t unheard of but fear not, it’s all simple to sort out.
For those unaware, SIM cards are supplied by your smartphone service provider, such as BT Mobile.
What does SIM means?
SIM stands for Subscriber Identity Module.
SIM cards are effectively mini circuit boards which identify your service provider and your mobile phone number. To find out more read our feature: How does a smartphone SIM work?
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But as technology has advanced, the size of some SIM cards has gone down. In the UK three different types of SIM card now exist.
We talk you through each one and where you might find the SIM card slot to get your phone up and running.
Standard SIM Card
The standard SIM card is the original SIM and largest of the three. Standard SIMs are mainly used on older phones these days such as the Samsung Galaxy SII but also very basic phones such as the Nokia 105.
This SIM measures 25x15mm.
Micro SIM card
The Micro SIM card is essentially a standard SIM card with the extra plastic around the circuit board trimmed off.
This SIM is more likely to be used for smartphones introduced from 2010 till today, such as the Galaxy S5 and LG G4.
Some Micro SIM cards are attached within a Standard SIM-sized unit which you can pull off. This SIM is known as a Combi SIM as you can use it for both.
Micro SIM cards measure 15x12mm.
Nano SIM card
The Nano SIM card is the most recent type of SIM card which only measures 12.3x8.8mm. It's used for newer smartphones, such as the Samsung Galaxy S9.
Where do I find the SIM card slot on my smartphone?
The hardest part of installing a SIM card can be finding where it has to go in the first place. Your phone’s instruction manual should tell you where you can find it. If it doesn’t have a manual, visit the manufacturers website.
If you’re still struggling it’s probably in one of these places:
1. Behind the battery
The majority of older phones have their SIM card slot behind the battery.
Remove the phone's outer case and take the battery out. Look for an empty slot and a SIM card icon.
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If it’s something like the slot above, all you have to do is lay it flat and slide it behind the small metal bar.
Ensure that your SIM card is facing down so that the circuit touches the metal pins on the phone.
2. Next to the battery
Some SIM card slots can be found near the battery, which will require you to remove your phone's outer case and the battery to fit it in.
As you can see in the image above, you’re looking for a small slot where the SIM card can fit.
Make sure you push it in so that the circuit can touch the metal pins. Usually the perfectly straight part hangs out of the bottom until you put the battery back in.
3. The hidden outside slot
Some smartphones feature SIM-card slots on the outside, so there’s no need to take the back off.
However, you may need to use a small tool that looks a bit like a blunt pin to push the SIM holder out. The tool should come with your phone when you buy it.
The slot holder can be found around the edge of your smartphone like above and will have a hole.
Put the tool into the hole and the holder will pop out, allowing you to place your SIM card inside and put it back in. Just make sure you keep the tool safe.
Don’t get confused with the microSD slot
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The microSD slot is for microSD cards which you can use to expand your smartphone’s storage capacity for pictures, apps and more. The SIM card and microSD card have nothing to do with each other, but you may get their slots mixed up as they look quite similar.
Usually, you’ll find a microSD logo like below to tell you where micro SD card goes.
I’ve got the wrong SIM size for my phone - what should I do?
You can speak to your service provider and they will send you out a replacement SIM card, BT Mobile customers need to go to bt.com/replacesim.
Alternatively, you can do a bit of DIY and chop your SIM down to size yourself. Be careful – you don’t want to break your SIM.